Dark energy cannot properly account for the ever-accelerating expansion of the universe or eliminate a major false prediction of big bang theory. A simultaneous solution involves a sub-quantum medium existing as a balance of opposite kinds of energy.

The “inflation” period of the big bang model gives a rate of expansion of the universe that is 10120 times too high. This is known as the “problem of the cosmological constant” that has remained a vexed question since 1981. Furthermore the age of the universe, based on a Hubble constant H0 of 71 km/s/MPC, is said to be 13.7 billion years. This is based on galaxies travelling at constant speed.

With recession velocity v for a galaxy at distance x the Hubble law is given by

v = H0 x                                                        [1]

Differentiating with respect to time yields

                [2]
 

So the acceleration of any galaxy  dv/dt is given by:

                                                   [3]

This proves that Hubble’s law also describes an ever-accelerating expansion proportional to separating distance, just as it shows recession velocity proportional to the same distance. Every galaxy is accelerating and so the age of the universe cannot be estimated on the basis of motion at constant speed.
           

Now equation [1] can be re-arranged in the form:

And this can be integrated to yield:

                                                          [4]

This shows that 14 billion years ago the universe would still be 35% of the radius it is today. To be the size specified for the end of inflation the universe needs to be hundreds of billions of years old!
            Figure 7.8 is extracted from CREATION SOLVED? authored by Pearson(1) giving a new solution for the development of the radius of the universe with time. It had been found that the Hubble constant would need to reduce as size increased and this effect is included.
Even if “dark energy” is the background substrate having the mysterious property of creating acceleration by exerting repulsive forces on matter, every spherical shell element of radius r and thickness dr of dark energy needs to push back against all the substance inside that element. This means that pressure gradients need to exist with maximum pressure at the origin point. Pressure profiles are shown in the figure indicating that pressures and therefore densities need to continually increase as time proceeds. The total amount of substance needs to continually increase. This can only arise if continuous creation of a substrate is occurring throughout the entire universe.

The creation scenario depicted does not, however, depend on dark energy with repulsive powers. Pearson (2) first published the solution in Russia in 1994 followed by a purely descriptive article in 1997 (3). In these a sub-quantum background medium, now to be called “i-ther”, consisted of primary particles, the “primaries”, existing as a balance of positive and negative energies. The latter are given by a reversal of the forces of action and reaction in Newton’s laws of motion. It is shown that in order to conserve both energy and momentum, starting from a void of zero energy, one to one collisions of primaries of opposite energies force energy increases of both partners, though in equal but opposite amounts. However, when large numbers of primaries converge, to a given point or line, then mutual annihilation results. At a critical density, when primaries occupy about 20% of total volume, annihilation exactly cancels the creation. At lower densities a minute net creation remains yielding FIG.7.8. The system is self-regulating since the acceleration sets itself, at any point in the universe, to the value the net creation at local density allows. In this way a solution to the problem of the cosmological constant is provided.
This creation only provides the sub-quantum background but permits the quantum level to emerge at a later date. Matter therefore is also a composite of both kinds of energy but an asymmetry results. This makes the positive kind dominant for matter but a net negative pressure in space also arises, as required to produce the force of gravity. Matter therefore appears to us as built only from positive energy. Guth and Steinhardt (4) describe how inflation could have generated the universe of matter. The way matter could have emerged to replicate such inflation is described by Pearson (1).

References

1          Pearson R.D. (2007): CREATION SOLVED ?
            www.pearsonianspace.com
2          Pearson, Ronald.D.(1994): Quantum Gravitation and the Structured
   Ether: Sir Isaac Newton Conference Proceedings. St. Petersburg (1994)
   pp 39-55.   Petrovskaja Academy of Sciences & Arts
   Chairman Local Organising Committee: Dr. Michael Varin:
   Pulkovskoye Road 65-9-1 St. Petersburg 196140, Russia.
3          Pearson, R. D.(1997): Consciousness as a Sub-Quantum
   Phenomenon:   Frontier Perpectives, Spring/Summer 1997,
   Vol.6,No.2 pp70-78
4          Guth, Alan & Steinhardt, Paul (1989): The Inflationary Universe
   The New Physics Ed. Davies, Paul: Cambridge University Press